The in vitro antibacterial activity has been evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. The screening results Staurosporine concentration have shown that the organotin(IV) complexes (2-6) have better antibacterial activities and have potential as drugs. Furthermore, it has been shown that diphenyltin(IV) derivative (6) exhibits significantly better activity than the other organotin(IV)

derivatives (2-5).”
“Coronary MR imaging is a promising noninvasive technique for the combined assessment of coronary artery anatomy and function. Anomalous coronary arteries and aneurysms can reliably be assessed in clinical practice using coronary MR imaging and the presence of significant left main or proximal multivessel coronary artery disease detected. Technical challenges that need to be addressed are further improvements in motion suppression and abbreviated

scanning times aimed at improving spatial resolution and patient comfort. The development of new and specific contrast agents, high-field MR imaging with see more improved spatial resolution, and continued progress in MR imaging methods development will undoubtedly lead to further progress toward the noninvasive and comprehensive assessment of coronary atherosclerotic disease.”
“Polyphenism in larval amphibians has been related to several factors, including wetland hydroperiod, food availability, competition, and predation. Spadefoot toads (genus Spea Cope, 1866) often Z-DEVD-FMK price exhibit a trophic polyphenism by developing distinct carnivore and omnivore larval morphotypes. Using a multimodel selection approach, we investigated the influence of land use (cropland vs. grassland type) and differences in annual precipitation

on morphotype expression in Plains spadefoot (Spea bombifrons (Cope, 1863)) and New Mexico spadefoot (Spea multiplicata (Cope, 1863)) toads in playas. We also examined the relative importance of tadpole density, tadpole age, water-loss stress, wetland size, density of larval mole salamanders (genus Ambystoma Tschudi, 1838; a predator on Spea tadpoles), and food resources on morph occurrence. The carnivore morphotype developed almost exclusively in S. bombifrons and rarely in S. multiplicata regardless of land use. Habitat availability measured by water-loss rate, as well as predation risk and tadpole age, were the most important factors influencing carnivore proportions. Ambystoma density was positively associated, whereas water-depth loss and tadpole age were negatively associated with the proportion of carnivores. The greatest proportion of carnivores was observed in grassland playas, which had the highest density of Ambystoma predators, longest hydroperiods, and experienced water-depth gain. Fairy shrimp density was not correlated with the proportion of carnivores.

“
“An Alzheimer’s BARI study has motivated us to evaluate inter-regional correlations during rest between groups. We apply generalized estimating equation (GEE) models to test for differences in regional correlations across groups. Both the GEE marginal model and GEE transition LOXO-101 solubility dmso model are evaluated and compared to the standard pooling Fisher-z approach using simulation studies. Standard errors of all methods are estimated both theoretically (model-based) and empirically (bootstrap). Of all the methods, we find that the transition models have the best statistical properties. Overall, the model-based standard errors and bootstrap standard errors perform about

the same. We also demonstrate the methods with a functional connectivity study in a healthy cognitively normal

population of ApoE4+ participants and ApoE4- participants who are recruited from the Adult Children’s Study conducted at the Washington University Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective : Cerebral vasospasm is a common and potentially devastating complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Inflammatory processes seem to play a major role in the pathogenesis of vasospasm. C-reactive protein (CRP) constitutes a highly sensitive inflammatory marker. Elevation of serum CRP levels has been demonstrated in patients with aSAH. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the possible relationship between CRP levels in the serum and transcranial Doppler VX-680 concentration (TCD) and the development of vasospasm in patients with aSAH.\n\nMethods : A total of 61 adult patients in whom aSAH was diagnosed were included in the study from November 2008 to May 2011. The patients’

demographics, Hunt and Hess grade, Fisher grade, CT scans, digital subtraction angiography studies, and daily neurological examinations were recorded. Serial serum CRP measurements were obtained on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 and TCD was measured on days 3, 5, buy GSK1210151A 7, 9, 11 and 13. All patients underwent either surgical or endovascular treatment within 24 hours of their hemorrhagic attacks.\n\nResults : Serum CRP levels peaked on the 3rd postoperative day. There were significant differences between the vasospasm group and the non-vasospasm group on the 1st, 3rd and 5th day. There were significant differences between the vasospasm group and the non-vasospasm group on the 3rd day in the mean middle cerebral artery velocities on TCD.\n\nConclusion : Patients with high levels of CRP on the 1st postoperative day and high velocity of mean TCD on the 3rd postoperative day may require closer observation to monitor for the development of vasospasm.

Furthermore, non-fibrillar A beta 42 decreased both neurotoxicity and increases in the intracellular Ca(2+) Concentration induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), but not by alpha-amino-3-hydrozy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA). Our results suggest that non-fibrillar A beta 42 protects hippocampal neurons from glutamate-induced neurotoxicity through regulation of the NMDA receptor. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“High-throughput sequencing is sweeping through clinical microbiology, transforming our discipline in its wake.

It is already providing an enhanced view of pathogen biology through rapid and inexpensive whole-genome sequencing and more sophisticated applications such

as RNA-seq. It also promises to deliver LY2835219 ic50 high-resolution genomic epidemiology as the ultimate typing method for bacteria. However, the most revolutionary effect of this ‘disruptive technology’ is likely to be creation of a novel sequence-based, culture-independent diagnostic microbiology that incorporates microbial community profiling, metagenomics and single-cell genomics. We should prepare for the coming ‘technological singularity’ PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 chemical structure in sequencing, when this technology becomes so fast and so cheap that it threatens to out-compete existing diagnostic and typing methods in microbiology.”
“Large conformational changes in the LID and NMP domains of adenylate kinase (AKE) are known to be key to ligand binding and catalysis, yet the order of binding events and domain motion is not well understood. Combining the multiple available structures for AKE with

the energy landscape theory for protein folding, a theoretical model was developed for allostery, order of binding events, and efficient catalysis. Coarse-grained models and nonlinear normal mode analysis were used to infer that intrinsic structural fluctuations dominate LID motion, whereas ligand-protein interactions and cracking ( local unfolding) are more important during NMP motion. In addition, LID-NMP domain interactions are indispensable for efficient catalysis. LID domain motion precedes NMP domain motion, during both opening and closing. Bafilomycin A1 These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the observed 1: 1: 1 correspondence between LID domain closure, NMP domain closure, and substrate turnover. This catalytic cycle has likely evolved to reduce misligation, and thus inhibition, of AKE. The separation of allosteric motion into intrinsic structural fluctuations and ligand-induced contributions can be generalized to further our understanding of allosteric transitions in other proteins.”
“Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the 3-year efficacy and safety of biodegradable polymer with permanent polymer stents and of everolimus-eluting stents (EES) with sirolimus-eluting stents (SES).

\n\nMethods: Data analyzed in 2007 from a sumsample of 556 children aged 8, 11, and 14 years in Project HeartBeat!, 1991-1993, provide cross-sectional patterns of CVD risk factors by age and gender, adjusting for sexual maturation, within dietary fat and physical activity categories.\n\nResults: Girls consuming moderate- to high-fat diets were significantly less physically active than those consuming low-fat diets. Boys and girls consuming high-fat

diets had higher saturated fat and cholesterol intakes than children in low-fat categories. Boys had no significant differences in physical activity, blood pressure, waist circumference, or plasma cholesterol levels across fat categories. AZD8055 PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor Girls’ plasma cholesterol levels showed no significant differences across fat categories. Dietary, intake did not differ across moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) categories within gender. There were no differences in BMI by fat or MVPA categories for either gender. Girls’ waist circumference differed significantly by fat category, and systolic blood pressure differed significantly across fat and MVPA categories. Boys’ fifth-phase diastolic blood pressure was significantly different across MVPA categories.\n\nConclusions: Girls consuming atherogenic diets were significantly less physically active than those with low fat intakes, whereas boys consuming high-fat diets did not show

differences in physical activity measures. With the selleck chemicals llc prevalence of overweight rising among youth, the impact of atherogenic diets and sedentary JPH203 chemical structure lifestyles on CVD risk factors is of concern to public health professionals. (Am J Prev Med 2009;37(IS):S25-S33) 0 2009 American Journal of Preventive Medicine”
“Background The Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia

furnacalis (Guenee), has become the most damaging pest in corn in south-east Asia. Corn farmers in the Philippines have incurred great yield losses in the past decades because of ACB infestation. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and Bt herbicide-tolerant (BtHT) corns have been developed to reduce borer attacks worldwide. This study assessed the extent of ACB and non-ACB pest infestations in both GM and non-GM corn in Isabela Province, the Philippines. Specific aims were to reinvestigate the efficacy of Bt corn in controlling ACB, to evaluate what parts of Bt corn plants are susceptible to ACB, to monitor the potential development of ACB resistance and to evaluate whether secondary pests dominate in an ACB-free Bt corn environment. The study involved preparatory interviews with farmers, site selection, field scouting and visual inspection of 200 plants along 200 m transect lines through 198 cornfields. Results Bt corn can efficiently reduce the ACB pest problem and reduce borer damage by 44%, to damage levels in Bt and BtHT corn of 6.8 and 7% respectively.

\n\nResults were validated in an independent intramural cohort (n = 34). Results: Ku80, a key mediator of DSB repair, correlated most closely with clinical outcomes. Ku80 was overexpressed in half of all tumors, and its expression was independent of all other covariates

examined. Ku80 overexpression was an independent predictor for both locoregional failure and mortality following radiotherapy (P < 0.01). The predictive power of Ku80 overexpression was confined largely to HPV-negative HNSCC, where it conferred a nine-fold greater risk of death at two years.\n\nConclusions: Ku80 overexpression is a common feature of HNSCC, and is a candidate DNA Metabolism inhibitor repair-related biomarker for radiation treatment failure and death, particularly in patients with high-risk HPV-negative disease. It is a promising, mechanistically rational biomarker to select individual HPV-negative HNSCC patients for strategies to intensify treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 17(7); 2035-43. (C)2011 AACR.”
“Survivorship care plans Fludarabine mw (SCPs) are intended to educate survivors and providers about survivors’ transition

from cancer treatment to follow-up care. Using a survey of 23 cancer programs in the South Atlantic United States, we (1) describe the prevalence and barriers to SCP use and (2) assess relationships between SCP use and (a) barriers and (b) cancer program characteristics. Most cancer programs (86 %) reported some SCP use; however, less than a quarter of cancer programs’ providers selleck chemical had ever used an SCP. The majority (61 %) began using SCPs because of professional societies’ recommendations. Key barriers to SCP use were insufficient organizational resources (75 %) and systems for SCP use. We found patterns in SCP use across location, program type, and professional society membership. Most cancer programs have

adopted SCPs, but use remains inconsistent. Efforts to promote SCP use should address barriers, particularly in cancer programs that are susceptible to barriers to SCP use.”
“Objectives: To analyze the nasal superficial arterial vasculature and to compare these anatomic findings with the results of ultrasonography Doppler investigations to evaluate nasal blood flow in physiological and pathologic conditions.\n\nMethods: We performed 40 ultrasonography Doppler investigations in patient volunteers, 20 facial anatomic dissections in fresh cadavers, and a review of the literature on nasal blood supply. In cadavers, facial arteries were dissected to analyze nasal arterial supply.\n\nResults: When the facial artery, the ophthalmic artery, or both were compressed on 1 side in volunteers, blood flow inversion was proved by ultrasonography Doppler investigation at the level of the nasal area. These results confirm anatomic findings that demonstrate a polygonal system.

To clarify mechanisms of salivary gland dysfunction, we identified a signaling pathway involved in the dedifferentiation of primary cultures of parotid acinar cells. We reported previously that the expression pattern of claudins changes during culture, is related to the three-dimensional organization of the cells, and reflects their ability to function as acinar cells. In this study, we found that this change of claudin expression is a process of dedifferentiation, because expression of other differentiation markers also changes during culture. The expression levels of claudins-4 and -6, cytokeratin

14, and vimentin are increased, and those of claudin-10, aquaporin check details 5, and amylase are decreased. Inhibitors of Src and p38 MAP kinases suppress these changes and increase the

expression of acinar marker proteins. Differences in extracellular matrix components have no effect. Activation of p38 MAP kinase occurs during cell isolation from the parotid glands and is retained up to 6 h after the isolation. In contrast, activation of Src kinases does not increase during the cell isolation. The Src inhibitor PP1 suppresses the activation of p38 MAP kinase. Therefore, cellular stresses induced during cell isolation cause dedifferentiation and transition to duct-like cells through activation of p38 MAP kinase and constitutively active Src kinases.”
“We examined the development of the nervous system in the rhopalium, a medusa-specific sensory selleckchem structure, in Aurelia sp.1 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) using confocal microscopy. The rhopalial nervous system appears primarily ectodermal and contains neurons immunoreactive to antibodies against tyrosinated tubulin, taurine, GLWamide, and FMRFamide. The rhopalial nervous system develops in an ordered manner: the presumptive gravity-sensing organ, consisting of the lithocyst and the touch plate, differentiates first; the “marginal center,” which controls swimming activity, second; and finally, the ocelli,

the presumptive photoreceptors. At least seven bilaterally arranged neuronal clusters consisting of sensory and ganglion cells and their neuronal processes became evident in the rhopalium during metamorphosis to the medusa stage. Our analysis provides an anatomical framework for future gene click here expression and experimental studies of development and functions of scyphozoan rhopalia.”
“In vivo assay to evaluate anti-cancer immunotherapy at the pre-clinical phase is eagerly needed. We currently established xenotransplantation-based method to analyze in vivo priming of cancer-antigen-specific human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). We transplanted human peripheral T cells and analyzed priming of CTLs in NOG mice. Half of the mice engrafted with bulk lymphocytes including CD4(+) T cells died before analysis probably due to xenoreactive graft versus host disease.

Furthermore, the magnitude of NK cell reduction correlated with the degree of TBI severity at several time points. That is, NK cell population size was independently associated with lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores. In addition, at some time points, a positive GSI-IX correlation was found between the NK cell counts and Glasgow Outcome Scale scores. Our results indicate that TBI induces a reduction in the number of NK cells, and the magnitude of the reduction appears to parallel the severity of TBI.”
“P2X

receptors are ATP-gated nonselective cation channels highly permeable to calcium that contribute to nociception and inflammatory responses. The P2X(4) subtype, upregulated in activated microglia, is thought to play a critical https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pp2.html role in the development of tactile allodynia following peripheral nerve injury. Posttranslational regulation of P2X(4) function is crucial to the cellular mechanisms of neuropathic pain, however it remains

poorly understood. Here, we show that the phosphoinositides PI(4,5)P(2) (PIP(2)) and PI(3,4,5)P(3) (PIP(3)), products of phosphorylation by wortmannin-sensitive phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, can modulate the function of native and recombinant P2X(4) receptor channels. In BV-2 microglial cells, depleting the intracellular levels of PIP(2) and PIP(3) with wortmannin significantly decreased P2X(4) current amplitude and P2X(4)-mediated calcium entry measured in patch clamp recordings and ratiometric ion imaging, respectively. Wortmannin-induced depletion of phosphoinositides in Xenopus oocytes decreased the BTSA1 current amplitude of P2X(4) responses by converting ATP into a partial agonist. It also decreased their recovery from desensitization and affected their kinetics. Injection of phosphoinositides in wortmannin-treated oocytes reversed these effects and application of PIP(2) on excised inside-out macropatches rescued P2X(4) currents from rundown. Moreover, we report the direct interaction of phospholipids with the proximal C-terminal domain of P2X(4) subunit (Cys(360)-Val(375)) using an in vitro binding assay. These results demonstrate novel regulatory roles of the major

signaling phosphoinositides PIP(2) and PIP(3) on P2X(4) function through direct channel-lipid interactions.”
“The occurrence of various Vibrio species in lobster hemolymph from the Persian Gulf was studied. A total number of 60 lobsters (Panulirus homarus) were caught from south coast of Iran and were studied to identify Vibrio spp. in hemolymph. Four Vibrio species including Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio mimicus were identified using biochemical and molecular methods. Six lobsters (10%) contained one or more Vibrio spp. as 4 samples contained V. alginolyticus, one contained V. vulnificus and one species contained both V. harveyi and V. mimicus and none of samples contained V. parahemolyticus and V. cholera.

72 to 0.80 over five environments. A lower correlation was observed in one environment due to cracked and broken kernels in the samples. Digital image analysis was three times faster than the visual method and estimated FDK on a larger scale per plot sample, whereas labor and time constraints limited the sample size for the visual method. Digital image analysis was consistent over samples and appears well suited as an alternative form to estimate percent of FDK in grain that is not NVP-LDE225 mouse damaged in other ways.”
“The genus Lichnofugia is reported for the first time from India with a description of Lichnofugia umshingensis

sp. nov. from Shillong, Meghalaya. The distribution of Lichnofugia thus extends eastward from Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand to north-eastern India.”
“Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) has recently shown antitumor activity in human pancreatic cancer cells. However, its effect on antiangiogenic activity in pancreatic cancer is unknown, and the mechanism is unclear. Sapitinib molecular weight This study was aimed to investigate whether DHA would inhibit angiogenesis in human pancreatic cancer.\n\nCell viability and proliferation, tube formation

of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B DNA-binding activity, expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-8, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were find more examined in vitro. The effect of DHA on antiangiogenic activity in pancreatic cancer was also assessed using BxPC-3 xenografts subcutaneously established in BALB/c nude mice.\n\nDHA inhibited cell proliferation and tube formation of HUVECs in a time- and dose-dependent manner and also reduced cell viability in pancreatic cancer cells. DHA significantly inhibited NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity, so as to tremendously decrease the expression of NF-kappa B-targeted proangiogenic gene products: VEGF, IL-8, COX-2, and MMP-9 in vitro. In vivo

studies, DHA remarkably reduced tumor volume, decreased microvessel density, and down-regulated the expression of NF-kappa B-related proangiogenic gene products.\n\nInhibition of NF-kappa B activation is one of the mechanisms that DHA inhibits angiogenesis in human pancreatic cancer. We also suggest that DHA could be developed as a novel agent against pancreatic cancer.”
“Spermatozoa are highly specialized cells that, when mature, are capable of navigating the female reproductive tract and fertilizing an oocyte. The sperm cell is thought to be largely quiescent in terms of transcriptional and translational activity. As a result, once it has left the male reproductive tract, the sperm cell is essentially operating with a static population of proteins. It therefore is theoretically possible to understand the protein networks contained in a sperm cell and to deduce its cellular function capabilities.

modestus. A possible origin of the described B chromosomes may be related to the occurrence of a chromosome non-disjunction followed by the loss of euchromatic Selleckchem Staurosporine segments, an event that should have occurred in chromosomes that present conspicuous centromeric heterochromatic blocks and even in chromosomes that lack C-bands in this region, resulting in small

supernumerary elements.”
“Pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) differentiate into most of the cell types of the adult human body, including vascular cells. Vascular cells, such as endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are significant contributors to tissue repair and regeneration. In addition to their potential applications for treatment of vascular diseases and stimulation of ischemic tissue growth, it is also possible

that endothelial cells and SMCs derived from hESCs can be used to engineer artificial vessels to repair damaged vessels and form vessel networks in engineered tissues. Here we review the current status of directing hESCs to differentiate Selleck Selonsertib to vascular cells.”
“This study was done to further reveal the role of the innate immune system in celiac disease.\n\nDendritic cells were matured from venous blood of patients with active or treated celiac disease and DQ2-DQ8-positive or negative controls. Dendritic cells were treated with a peptic-tryptic digest

of gliadin (500 mu g/ml) and their activation was analyzed by fluorescent-activated cell sorting analysis, cytokine secretion, and their ability to elicit T cell proliferation.\n\nGliadin upregulated interleukin AZD8931 chemical structure (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-12 (p40) secretion in dendritic cells and induced strong expression of the maturation markers human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, CD25, CD83, and CD86 of all subjects irrespective of their genotype or the presence of disease, whereas the digest of bovine serum albumin showed no effect. However, gliadin-stimulated dendritic cells from active celiac showed enhanced stimulation of autologous T cells compared to the other groups.\n\nFurther research should be aimed at identifying the mechanisms that control inflammation in healthy individuals.”
“Reactions of 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylthiophene with thiosemicarbazide and semicarbazide hydrochloride resulted in the formation of new heterocyclic ketimines, 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylthiophene thiosemicarbazone (C(9)H(13)N(3)OS(2) or L(1)H) and 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylthiophene semicarbazone (C(9)H(13)N(3)OS or L(2)H), respectively. The Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes have been synthesized by mixing metal salts in 1:2 molar ratios with these ligands by using microwave as well as conventional heating method for comparison purposes.

(Am J Ophthalmol 2009;148:459-465. (C) 2009 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)”
“New series of substituted glutamine 5a-1 and glutamic acid diamides, diureide and dihydrazide 7a-e were synthesized from parent glutamic acid compound 3 and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against tumor cell line PC3 (prostate cancer cell line). Most of the tested compounds exploited potent growth inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging 0.034-3.97 mu M.

Particularly, compounds 5a, 3, 5j, 5b, 7c, 7e, 5l, and 5k exhibited superior potency (IC50=0.034, 0.04, 0.05, 0.074, 0.25, 0.4, 0.49, 0.522 mu m, respectively) to the reference drug Doxorubicin (IC50=0.63 mu M), while compound 7b showed IC50, 0.71 mu M, comparable to that of Doxorubicin. In summary, the newly synthesized compounds provided promising new lead

for the future design and development of glutamine selleck chemical and glutamic acid derivatives as novel antitumor agents. The quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) study was applied to find a mathematical correlation between the structures of compounds and their activity against PC3 cell line expressed as IC50 values.”
“Objective To determine the relationship between the timing of chemistry and timing of prenatal diagnosis and CA4P pregnancy termination in pregnancies with chromosomal abnormalities.\n\nMethod Singleton pregnancies with chromosomal abnormalities from 2005 to 2009 were identified. Records were reviewed to identify timing of chemistry, nuchal translucency (NT), prenatal diagnosis and pregnancy termination. Mann-Whitney

U and Fisher’s exact test were used for statistical analysis.\n\nResults A total of 110 pregnancies were included. Seventy-eight had biochemistry performed at the time of NT and 32 had biochemistry a median of 9 days prior. Aneuploidy risks were similar between the two groups. Although the timing of NT was similar, those having biochemistry before NT had prenatal diagnosis and pregnancy SN-38 purchase termination at significantly earlier gestational ages. Those with early biochemistry were more likely to have chorionic villus sampling (CVS) (69% vs 37%; p = 0.003) compared to those who had biochemistry at the time of NT.\n\nConclusion There was a strong correlation between the timing of biochemistry and prenatal diagnosis and pregnancy termination. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Aseptic meningitis related to hydrogel-coated coils is a known complication, but it is extremely rare after platinum bare coil aseptic meningitis. Here we report the development of aseptic meningitis causing brain stem and cerebellar infarct in a patient with a giant aneurysm treated with bare platinum coils. We conclude that aneurysm size is an important factor affecting the occurrence of aseptic meningitis associated with stroke.”
“Objective: In multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, the main risk factor for metastases is pancreatic turnout size.