2). Comparing isotope data with anatomic characteristics previously studied in fossil Liquidambar miosinica, we conclude that anatomical characters are better indicators to distinguish sun/shade leaves for fossil L. miosinica. Here, carbon Selleckchem GDC 0032 and nitrogen contents of the sun morphotype are higher than that of the shade morphotype in fossil Liquidambar leaves, suggesting that sun leaves perhaps are more resistant against decomposition. Moreover, the variation of delta C-13 values is more profound in sun leaves than that in shade leaves for both modem and fossil Liquidambar, suggesting that sun leaves may be more sensitive to environmental changes. Together, our data indicate that delta C-13 of sun morphotypes is

a better proxy in reconstructing palaeoenvironments. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective. To determine whether a structured educational intervention would support pharmacists’ utilization of a continuing professional development (CPD) model

compared to pharmacist control subjects.\n\nMethods. A prospective, randomized, observational case-control study of CPD was conducted in which pharmacists 4-Hydroxytamoxifen participated in several educational interventions, and study and control groups completed prestudy and poststudy survey instruments.\n\nResults. Survey data from 57 pharmacists (n = 28 study, n = 29 control) were analyzed and significant outcomes from the CPD stages of reflect, plan, act, evaluate, and record were found between matched study subjects and study and control group comparisons.\n\nConclusions. With

appropriate training and support, pharmacists can utilize a CPD approach to their lifelong learning and professional development.”
“In Colombia, potato crops are affected by a wide variety of viruses such as PVY, PLRV, PVX, PMTV and PVS. Unfortunately, there are very few studies on the biology, distribution and pathogenicity of these viruses; this situation is even worse for the latent Nutlin-3 datasheet virus PVS. In this work, we evaluated the presence of PVS in four Colombian provinces (Antioquia, Boyaca, Cundinamarca, Narino) by the use of ELISA. We also studied the degree of molecular variation by sequence comparison of a segment of the gene encoding for the viral coat protein. In average, PVS was detected in 40% of 320 analyzed samples of potato leaves; the highest levels were observed in the East of Antioquia (49%) and Pasto (Narino) (47%), while in the other regions ranged between 35% and 42%. Analysis of sequence revealed the presence of two PVS strains in Colombia: three isolates were associated to PVSO (Ordinary) and twelve belonged to PVSA (Andean). A high diversity was observed among PVSA strains with percent identities in the range of 88-99%. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening seed certification programs and quarantine measures in Colombia for viruses like PVS, which can cause losses of up to 20% in potato crops and even higher in mixed virus infection.